Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbricks In the Heart of the Sea EssayNathaniel Philbricks In the Heart of the Sea describes the tragical final voyage of the Nantucket-based whaler Essex in 1820. The Essex was a floating situationory, a comparatively sm exclusively but sturdy vessel designed to travel owing(p) distances to find, kill, and process whales, thus yielding the extremely valuable whale oil and other products. In the Heart of the Sea also describes a series of errors, mishaps and miscalculations oft with fatal resultsin the management, leadership and supervision of the enterprise. These events, despite the distance in time, provide scenarios to compare and contrast present-day concepts of leadership and supervision. The story of the Essex illustrates numerous instances of (a) paltry planning before and during the journey, (b) sorry laging conclusivenesss before and during the journey, (c) indecisive and/or poor leadership and (d) poor supervision which contributed to the difficult journey, the sinking of the Essex and the horrible aftermath. Typical of the practices of the period and locale, Essex was captained, but not owned and provisi wizd, by a sailor-officer who had risen through the ranks.This would be the introductory command voyage of Captain George pollard, Jr. By all accounts he had successfully risen to initiative Mate of the Essex on previous voyages and was effrontery captaincy when the former captain was given a newer and larger vessel. regrettably he inherited a worn ship soon to be out of commission. Accordingly the owners spent as little as possible on repairs of the vessel and even less on provisions for the multi-year cruise. There is no reading material Pollard had any input in either decision.As this was his first command he was likely to remain in his employers good graces and refrain from insisting on breach repairs and outfitting. To further compound these initial as fountainhead as future pro blems was the wage payment structure in which Pollard and the crew were indwellingly working on commission. Payment to officers and seamen alike would be a portion based on rank and seniority paid only if the valuable whale oil was safely in port. Other experienced captains had the capacity and option to add to the original provisions.Pollard either decided to set sail despite the meager provisions or was unable(p) to supplement them by his own means. This system strongly contrasts to management practices of the day as well as modern-day practices. Owner-op epochted businesses were not at all uncommon in the era with a strong hands-on style of leadership. nearly striking would be the owner-operated vessels with a captain well-versed on ship maintenance and outfitting. Obviously today anyone would be considered naive at best and insane at worst to take on such a logistical task of any sort without having been given decision-making authority.Today even with companies having dista nt or publicly held ownership the leadership and decision-makers of the company are urged to buy into the company in the sense of making decisions and tether in a manner consistent with actual ownership. If Pollard can be excused to some extent for the poor decision-making at home port, the unfortunate lack of planning during his maiden voyage is his burden alone. After almost loosing his ship virtually at the onset of the voyage he is either unable or incapable of tactical or strategic planning when the Essex is destroyed.With a previously damaged vessel prudence would dictate some sort of contingency plan short of a belief that lightening will not strike the same place twice. While the Essex was sinking it was the foresight of others who managed to salvage essential items. Some decisions defied common sense. Instead of cooking and preparing a substantial amount of available turtle meat he alone placed two fuck turtles with each surviving whaleboat. Perhaps Pollard did not thi nk the unthinkable could happen again. Such planning and preparedness is not something novel, for his era or ours.It is simply the ability to survive the unexpected and the wisdom to learn from it. Contemporary leadership in management, government, and virtually any other field must be prepared for the unexpected. The unexpected and the disastrous will certainly occur, usually when least expected. It then(prenominal) also becomes a learning experience for leadership to plan and think for the casual and unthinkable. Consistent with the idea of poor or non-existent planning was the Nantucket concept of staffing vessels with the unskilled.Pollards ship was manned by a significant list of sailors who had never lived in Nantucket nor experienced life on a whaler. Other sailors included inexperienced Nantucket youngsters anxious for their first cruise as well as officers sailing in newly-promoted ranks. It was expected of Pollard and his officers to basically conduct on-the-job train ing for the unskilled staff. However, once again, if Pollard can be excused for having to upsurge with something out of his control, the staffing decisions made during the disaster were his alone.Most glaring was the decision regarding the placement of the survivors in what would become their lifeboats. No consideration was given to skill, ability or health. Instead, it was a system based on whether a sailor was black or white, Nantucketer or not. Apprenticeships and on-the-job training are time-honored practices dating back centuries and facilitate valid today. Both systems are based on both a lengthy or at least sufficient period of time and a non- faultfinding or at least supervised land site. The apprentice or OJT worker will make mistakes and is given the opportunity to make them and learn from them in a controlled situation.Once skilled, the staffing pattern must be developed to maintain whatever production or quality standard is to be met. In an emergency situation such de cisions must be made by leadership without being distracted by pointless issues of race, class, or place of birth. Again, Pollard can be shielded to some extent by the customs and practices of his day. Contemporary leaders have no such excuse. Decision-making is often made in the lonely make clean of sole command, something that Pollard, at times, was unable or willing to do. Leadership by consensus was not something he learned, but he did indeed practice.Additionally, indecision is in fact a decision, and one that eats time. After the initial near-fatal keeling of his ship Pollard commits both errors he abdicates sole leadership, procrastinates, reverses himself, and by trying to lead by consensus at long last leads his ship to disaster. Again, forces work against Pollard. To turn back with a damaged empty ship would result in no wages and possibly a waiver of command. By deciding to continue the voyage with a damaged ship, disjointed provisions, and lost whaleboats Pollard was not talking a calculated risk, he was essentially dooming his ship and crew to disaster.Modern management case studies abound with the disastrous stories of managers failing to decide and having that activity yield worse results than a bad decision. Most missions are time-critical and while many an(prenominal), if not most missions can have a built-in method of correcting erroneous decisions on that point is no method for reversing time lost in indecision. The texts are equally full of the horror stories of leaders who take the ahead at all costs attitude without a realistic approximation of whether their ship can handle the journey.This inevitably results in the learned experience that profitability at all costs is actually unprofitable. After the sinking of the Essex a variety of decisions were made, some based on common sense, or lack of same, and others based on the nautical make doledge of the time. Perhaps the most glaring was the decision to allow the surviving whaleboa ts to operate in an individual fashion, without tying together during the night. While a questionable seafaring decision, it casts some light on broader contemporary issues.During critical situations, whether a production run or a full-scale emergency it is common sense and a practical necessity to maintain communication and command. Failure to maintain either can jeopardize the personnel and the mission. In the Heart of the Sea is filled with numerous examples of poor supervision. From the very onset there is no indication Pollard really supervised the repair and provisioning of his vessel it all likelihood he imputed a great deal of this responsibility to his First and Second Mate. There is no indication he did a thorough, hands-on investigation of his damaged vessel after the initial near-sinking.Once whaling he was out in a whaleboat, as was the custom, instead of being in a position on deck to supervise all of the events that would unfold. There is no indication he personally undertook a surveillance of Henderson Island to determine if it could sustain the crew, or in the alternative, if it could better provision the survivors on their continued voyage. During many of the catastrophic events Pollard seemed overwhelmed and incapacitated by the situation. He was unable to command and supervise what can only be described as life-threatening or life-saving activity unfolding in front of him.Once all was lost he decided to allow the boats to go their own way, and was unable to maintain the supervision of survivors when that was his most critical duty. Throughout the disastrous journey the questionable command of Pollard is and will be debated. What is certain is there was considerable interrogation at the time that he exercised the decision-making responsibilities in a prudent manner. The captain of a ship and the leader of a corporation must be able to face a situation, whether tellurian or critical, and make very quick and decisive actions.First and fore most is the decision of whether to take a hands on approach or delegate responsibility. There is no easy or set answer, and either method can be disastrous, if a leader usurps a subordinates better command of a situation or if responsibility is delegated to someone incapable of handling the situation. However, the command of a ship is unique and very similar to many organizational situations in that the leader at the very top is expected to be well-versed and capable of each function in the entire organization.If that is not the case, then the leader must have a clear understanding of his personal abilities and limitations as well as that of all of the subordinates in the chain of command. Throughout the narratives and accounts which the moderate is comprised of there is mention of, and no doubt that the captain knew his ship better than anyone. However, it became very obvious at the onset that his knowledge of his and his officers capabilities was suspect. At only one point was P ollard described as acting with the authority and decisiveness normally required of a ships captain.He quickly and ferociously responded to an early protest by the crew relating to what they considered poor rations. His outburst and threatened action quelled the protest and certainly left the crew with no doubt of his intent. However, what is missing is the not-unusual comments and attitude from crewmen indicating complete respect of their captain and their willingness to follow his commands, regardless of outcome, because of their knowledge of him and his ability.It is imperative upon leaders to not just know their workplace, but to know their staff. It is not enough to go ballistic once in a while to let the staff know what will happen if something is discovered awry(predicate) or in response to what behavior is not to be tolerated. Command through intimidation is foolhardy what is necessary of leadership is to prove competency to staff and subordinates to the point where there i s no doubt there is respect in the leaders ability.At that point leadership becomes natural if and when the staff and subordinates recall the leadership will in fact lead, but do so in a manner that takes into account the well-being, if not survival, of all. In modern companionship survival is often economic survival, and depending on the organization or industry economic survival must be paramount in managements priorities. Pollard lost on both counts the voyage was a complete economic disaster and resulted in the deaths of the majority of his crew. The journey was a voyage of poor planning, staffing, decision-making and supervision.It is an epic of missed opportunities and unrealistic goals. It is a blueprint for any manager or leader in what not to do. Leadership cannot afford to be unprepared in any of the areas noted above. Each interact and influence the other, often in ways unanticipated and noted only too late. It is easy, but very necessary to look at situations with twen ty-twenty hindsight if lessons are to be learned and errors prevented in the future. There is a host of what-if questions presented by In the Heart of the Sea which every leader should take to heart.

Examine sociological explanations of the difference in the educational performance of ethnic minorities in Britain Essay Example for Free

Examine sociological explanations of the difference in the educational performance of heathen minorities in Britain EssayThe connection amidst ethnicity and educational accomplishment is very complicated as there is a great deal of difference betwixt achievements between each of the ethnic groups.In front studies, much(prenominal) as those carried out to compile the Swann report (1985), used very simplistic crystalizeifications of each of the ethnic groups, Afro-Caribbean, Asiatic and All others (including white). There was clear rank between these groups with all others at the top, followed by Asians, and then Afro-Caribbean.Later on more complex classification systems were introduced and so a more detailed characterization of the relationships between class and education emerged. For example, Kysel (1988) used el horizontal classifications to measure success at 16. This study placed Indian, Afri mickle, Asian and Pakistani pupils at the top, followed by southwestward East Asian and Greek students. Students of UK origin came in the middle of the range, followed by pupils from Turkish, Arab and Caribbean origin. At the bottom were Bangladeshi pupils. close sociological explanations point to home patronise ground, educational experiences and factors to do with society. However studies dont usually apply such sophisticated classifications, as used by Kysel, so making it difficult to explain distinctions between the categories.There are three main reasons for different ethnicities achieving differently in the cultural factors, social class and school factors.Cultural factors are thought by sociologists to have a large influence on the difference in attainment of the ethnic groups. Findings of those such as Douglas have provided support for what came to be cognise as cultural deprivation theory. This theory states that many of the values, attitudes and skills needed for high educational success are missing in the culture of certain ethnic groups. Th is was a particularly popular theory in the 1960-70s, it was nonably supported by the Swann committee (1985), however evidence can be seen as weak, even the Swann report said this argument was sketchy.Driver and Ballard adopted this explanation in their study of children with parents of South Asian origin. They found that these parents quickly developed high expectations of their childrens abilities and such attitudes may have attributed to their success.Ken Pryce spurned theory. He did a study of the Afro-Caribbean community in Bristol (1979) and although he described their way of life as annoyed he likewise said that Afro-Caribbean parents have great aspirations for their children, and that they were non socially deprived because their parents are supportive, interested and provide all of the educational aid the can.Rex and Tomlinson also rejected the cultural deprivation theory in their study in Handsworth. Their rejected the theory because the data they collected points to Asians achieving highest at school and yet their parents go into school the least, indicating that they are not as interested as Afro-Caribbean parents who go into school the most. In spite of their parents frequent visits to school Afro-Caribbean are achieving the least in school.Another important theory is cultural difference theory, this about children being disadvantaged because their culture differs from the schools, the main example of this is if a child go to an side speaking school and speaks a different language at home, this means that they will not be as practiced as the children for whom English is their freshman language, they will be subjected to constant correction by teacher and their confidence and self esteem may suffer as a result.This theory is rejected by Driver and Ballard who found that by sixteen Asian childrens command of English is at least as good as their class mate, and in some cases, much better.The Swann report also noted that linguistic factors held back some Afro-Caribbean students but most did not have a problem.Social class is another important factor to consider. Some research suggests that much of the differential educational advantage that Afro-Caribbeans face is due to the fact that most Afro-Caribbeans are operative class, disproportionately so. Swann said social class adds up to half of the reason behind educational achievement. Smith and Tomlinson agreed with this with their study of inner city junior-grade schools and found a large variation due to class but a much smaller discrepancy due to ethnicity. The only problem with this is Asian pupils are primarily working class yet they achieve better that their white middle class counterparts.Many researchers have looked at the impact a range of school factors this idea takes the stance that the difference in attainment between the ethnic groups is due to school environment.In studying school factors researches may have looked at curriculum content, teachers attitudes, ethnocentric resources, banding, language and many other things.Mac and Ghaill found that there was no clearly defined relationship between students who have been the victims of racism and the ones who have been predicted a fail. What he found was how well students did was influenced mainly by the schools they had come from. Pupils from suburban schools did better than pupils from inner city schools.Most studies showed that teachers were not racist to ethnic minorities. Taylor saw that many teachers were very sensitive in their handling of cultural issues and Hammersley went on to say most racist teachers did not bring this into the classroom.Wright studied primary schools and noticed how Asian pupils were largely invisible to the teacher and was treated insensitively by both staff and peers. Coard said that institutional racism lead to ethic minority children having self-esteem problems, which developed into low achievement. This is extremely apt with Afro-Caribbean students who a re seen as a threat to classroom guidance and because they have been treated like this they start to conform to the labels they have been given. The DfEE found in a recent study that Afro-Caribbean pupils were four times more possible be permanently excluded from school than white children.To conclude, the area of ethnicity is a very delicate one and it is important to view it in the context of individuals and not stump people. More research is needed in to the experience of small, specific racial groups, not just Asian or White. It is also important to note that it can never be seen as just one factor, it is always going to be a combination of factors and also age and gender can not be ignored, no one factor can never be measured accurately on its own.

Examining The Concept Of Lean Synchronization Information Technology Essay

Examining The Concept Of extend Synchronization Information Technology Essay ply manufacturing is an woo of continuous forward motion that focuses on the removal of ravage resources from a subroutine so that the goods merge to the customer at determined rate with minimum inventory. It in the first place focuses on eliminating resources that does non create cherish for the customer. Based on Toyota Production System, Lean concentrates on preserving cling to with less work. Lean synchronization is the aim of achieving the escape of products and services which is able to deliver exactly what customers want, in exact quantities, exactly when hireed, exactly where mandatory at the lowest possible cost (Slack et al, 2010). This report evaluates the public utility and relevance of basic Lean principles and Management and applies the same principles in contemporary business environment.Executive SummaryFirst part of the report talks close theoretical aspect of bleed. The con cept of bung synchronization is explained first. After this the principles of sway and benefits of using lean ar described. Subsequently barriers to lean implementation are explained.endorsement half of the report accounts practical application of lean in context with healthcare industry. Firstly the need to apply lean in hospitals is determined. Basic need of lean in hospitals is toReduce uncomplaining wait clock timeReduce cost and increase savings andImprove staff efficiency.Lean principles are than utilise on hospital trading trading operations. Analysis discovered that time creates value to the patient. After this, value stream was assessed and snitch processes were identified in the journey of patients recovery and discussion. notwithstanding to this, wastes were identified and recommendations were proposed to eliminate those wastes.Important Identified Wastes areExtra work done for simple and easy tasks.Investigations and tests those are not required.Patient waitin g for tests and surgeries. verbiage in treating a patient.Recommendations to eliminate much(prenominal) wastesAvoid the use of interlinking equipments that makes the processes tedious and time consuming.Perform only those tests that are required for the treatment.Equipments essential be ready before a patient comes to pathology lab and operation theatre so as to avoid waste of time.Things must be done in remediate way in first attempt so as to avoid repetitive actions.Concept behind Lean SynchronizationThe term lean came into existence post World War II when there was a huge shortage of resources in Automobile sector in Japan. Toyota Comp individually authentic the concept of achieving most with optimum resources, by continuous elimination of waste. Today this concept is well known as Lean Manufacturing crosswise the globe and is not limited to manufacturing processes. Lean applies to the in all enterprise including supply-chain, new product development process and services. The concept of lean thinking was introduced to European world in 1991 by the book written by Womack, Jones, and Roos The Machine That Changed the World.According to Slack et al (2009), lean synchronization is concerned all aboutElimination of waste in substantial processInvolving all the resources andContinuously improving the processLean approach simply calls to work smarter rather than harder with value driven sense of purpose.Organizations that descend lean thinking understand customer value and focus the processes to increase it. The ultimate aim is to create a perfect value process for the customer with zero waste. Such contemporary approach creates processes that enable companies to respond to changing customer desires with high quality, high variety, and low cost with very fast throughput times.Lean PrinciplesThe main guiding principle of lean to create right value for the customer with minimum effort is compounded of five key principles value, value stream, flow, get and perfection. rank The key principle is to identify the customers view point about what creates value to the customer. valuate Stream This is to identify all the criterions in value chain and to eliminate all those that do not create value to the end product.Flow In order to make a smooth flow of the product towards customer, the value-creating steps must occur in tight sequence.Pull Make only what is pulled by the customer and creates synchronization between demand and manufacturing process. idol Once the value is identified, value stream is specified with wasted steps eliminated and flow and pull are introduced, execute the integral process again and go forward until perfection is reached in which perfect value is developed without waste.5stepslean.gifFig.1Benefits of Applying Lean tralatitious ApproachTraditional approach assumes that each stratum is separated from the some new(prenominal) set up by placing the siding in an inventory. The next stage give take the outputs f rom the buffer inventory and will pass them to the succeeding buffer e.g. as shown in fig.2, outputs from stage A are stored in buffer inventory which feeds the system for Stage B. In this elbow room each stage of the operation acts independently and picks poppycock from buffer inventory and processes it for the subsequent buffer. These buffers insulate each stage from its neighbors and operations of one stage do not hinder the next stage. Hence if operations at stage A cease due to some reason, stage B rouse still continue for at least one time. The agree of insulation of each stage that seeks to promote traditional approach is indeed the learning argument of this system.ProblemsInventory remains idle.Slow throughput times since items spend more than time waiting in buffer.Lack of coordination due to insulation of stages.Problem solving responsibility will be centered on mountain workings in that very stage.CUsersVibhorDesktopUntitled.jpgFig.2Lean ApproachIn contrast with th e traditional approach, lean approach processes and passes items directly to the next stage, eliminating the buffer inventories, hence simplification the barriers between stages. This provides the required amount of input for each stage at the required time. In this approach, problems at any stage have different electric shock on the process e.g. in fig.3 if stage A stops its operations, than subsequent stages will immediately notice the issue and the problem is quickly exposed to the whole system. This helps in improving the quality by providing quick feed spinal column at each stage.CUsersVibhorDesktopUntitled1.jpgFig.3In the traditional approach, if one stage stops functioning the other stage may continue to process by the available buffer resources resulting in high cleverness utilization. But generally this situation would not book for a long period of time and the whole process will come to halt once the buffer is empty. On the other pile, in lean approach each time there is a blockage in any stage of the process, the whole process will come to halt, reducing the capacity utilization initially. Therefore where traditional approach encourages efficiency by protecting each stage from disruption, lean approach motivates the whole system to solve the problem.Fig.4 citation Slack et al, 2010According to Wild (2002), following are the benefits of Lean synchronization. Also unmixed from the above differentiationReduced inventories and work in progress little use of spaceShorter throughput timesIncreased employee motivation and participationSmoother work flowsIncreased productivityImproved quality and customer serviceBarriers to Lean SynchronizationLean synchronization aims at managing the operations process in such a way that it carry throughs exactly what customers are looking from the operation. Pure lean synchronization intends smooth, continuous flow without any sort of delay, waste and imperfection.Following are the major barriers to achieve this id eal stateFailure to eliminate waste in all parts of the operationFailure to harness the contribution of all the people involved in the operation.Failure to establish improvement as a continuous activity.Source (Slack et al, 2010)Waste designation and EliminationElimination of waste is the basic part of lean thinking and identifying the waste is the first step towards its elimination. Any activity that does not add to value is called as waste. The wastes that hinder the streamlined flow are cargo area time worker wait time and machine wait time is waste. This is usually dependant on efficiency of machinery and workers.Conveyance Change in layout can bring processes closer resulting in rock-bottom movements.InventoryInappropriate quantity of production According to Toyota, supplying less or more quantity than required is the greatest source of waste.Delivery Time- early on delivery is wasteful. Therefore items must be delivered Just In Time.Variability- If quality varies accord ing to customer expectations and customer considers to be inadequately supplied than the whole process is wasteful.waste-poster.jpgFig.5Employee dateOrganizations following lean philosophy must encourage its employees to participate in problem solving activity. The intention to encourage the feeling of personal responsibility and will power within the employees is referred as respect-for-people. Some basic factors in encouraging employee involvement areEnvironment Safety guard standards and environment must be followed by everyone.Flexibility employees must be given authority to take decisions and restrictive practices must be removed.Equality each employee must be tough equally.creative thinking each persons creativity must be utilized to improve the processes.Total people involvement- staff must be encouraged to participate in other activities like recruitment, supply chain and customer dealing. This improves the processes and benefits the company as a whole.Continuous Im provementKaizenKaizen is a Japanese term for improvement or limiting for better. In terms of Masaaki Imai, Kaizen is a continuous process of improvement in which each individual of an organization is involved to achieve a state of perfection. tercet guiding principles of kaizen as explained by Hill (2005) areProcess reviews review of entire process from designing stage to delivery.People participation employees insights to improve the process. constant need for change seeking improvement and implementing changes result in achievingperfection.kaizen.JPGFig.6 Source Archfield Consulting GroupDeming CycleIt is also called PDCA cycle which involve a team of people who continuously find improvements in an organization. Waters (2002) defined this cycle asPlan review of existing processes, information gathering, finding alternatives and suggesting improvement casts.Do plan in implemented and performance data is collected.Check analyzes the collected data to check if expected impro vements appear or not.Act- if improvements are visible, the operation is made permanent else lessons are learnt.deming cycle.pngFig.7Applying Lean in Healthcare IndustryApplying lean in healthcare industry is similar to its application in manufacturing. Lean manufacturing reduces waste from the right of operations that takes place in producing of items. Similarly lean can reduce waste and improve the services provided to the patients in hospitals. This may also help hospitals to care issues like financial deficits, infections, waiting queues and capacity management.Why Lean in healthcare?Alike other industries, healthcare also face problems like safety concerns, capacity and waiting queue management, low level of efficiency and lack of staff motivation. To get rid of these issues and to deliver improved and timely patient care, it is of the essence(predicate) to base hospital processes on lean synchronization. Lean implementation in hospitals can also prevent hospitals acquired infections, avoidable injuries, death and less recovery time.Traditional practice in hospitalsMajor time of patients and hospital staff is wasted due to multiple trips made by the patients and the staff members. Once the tests are performed, patient is called for diagnosis after some days. Treatment for the illness may or may not start on the same day. This delay in treatment may cause deterioration in patients condition. Implementation of lean in hospitals will reduce the time taken in treating the patient. According to lean process, a patient must come once and all the processes must be done on the same day e.g. tests are done and the treatment is started in short after the diagnosis from the tests. The process mentioned in the figure consumes unneeded time of patients and hospital staff and this in turn increases the overall cost and risk to life. Avoiding such unnecessary trips eases patient care and reduces the workload on doctors. Lean eliminates waste processes and increases the overall throughput in hospitals.Untitled.pngFig.8Untitled.pngFig.9 Source NHS ConfederationPrinciples of lean in healthcareValueTo ensure patient satisfaction, hospitals need to analyze the patients viewpoint as depicted in fig.10. Value is the perception of a patient and can be created when right consultation, test, diagnosis, communication, treatment and after care is provided to the patient. By eliminating waste processes and utilizing resources, staff will be able to concentrate more on patient care.figure3.jpgFig.10 Source JWA Inc.Value StreamValue stream is the process of identifying all the steps that creates value to the patient and eliminating those that creates no value to the patient. Usually hospitals tend to group patients on the fundament of clinical similarity. However lean focuses not on similar conditions but similar processes.Fig.11 shows various steps and processes taken to discharge a patient.Untitled.pngFig.11 Source Flinders medical exam CentreIn a hospi tal a value stream is the end-to-end process of caring for a group of patients whose overall care process have enough in common for them to be managed together, irrespective of clinical diagnosis (David Ben-Tovim, 2006).Following are the steps that may not create any value to the patient and should be eliminatedPatients visit to hospital on different days for different tests.Time wasted when patient waits to be seen by the doctor. surplus step of nurse checking the patient.Time wasted in collecting medical equipments and information.Repetition of processes such as diagnostic tests and paperwork.Time consumed in searching medical history of patients.Performing tests that are not required.Fig.12The factors stated above signify that time is the most valued element for the patient as well as for the hospital staff. To eliminate this waste of time, we first need to identify the cause of this waste. Fig.13 shows the causes that increase the waste in waiting time.Cause and Effect 3.jpgFig. 13Waste IdentificationWaste is anything that does not create value to the patient.InventoryHolding excess material to avoid unreliable supply is referred as inventory waste in hospitals. Eliminating such waste can reduce cost and time of both the patient as well as the hospitals.Extra ProcessingUse of complex equipments to conduct simple tests makes processes large and inflexible and may cause stress to the staff.OverproductionUnnecessary tests and investigations are referred as overproduction in healthcare industry. These tests must be avoided to save time and cost.WaitingThis is the patient wait time that created due to process or material waiting e.g. patients waiting for test or surgery due to equipment readiness.TransportationMovement of patients and materials are considered as waste but these cannot be eliminated completely. Processes must be arranged in a manner that steps become sequential and easy to identify.DefectsDefects increase the processes and are caused due to wrong medication or infections. Doing things in a right way will reduce redundancy as well as defects in a process.MovementHospital layout must be in a way that it minimizes the repeating of movements by staff and patients e.g. in operation theatres, all equipments must be in reach of the operation table so as to ease the operating surgeon while doing surgery.Mapping Value StreamThe challenge in value stream is to map exactly the things that actually occur at each stage of patients journey towards recovery, as depicted in fig.14. Lean redesigns this flow to enable seamless movement of patients to the next step without unnecessary work or wait.Fig.14Fig.15 shows an voice of process mapping where it just takes one step on the process of tests and lists each step of work that is currently performed. Amount of time, distance covered and required amount of materials can be added to each such step. It is evident that huge amount of work is being done without creating any value. Involvement of staff during waste identification is usually advised so that the effect of one persons actions is visible to all.Fig.15FlowFlow is the process where every patient is worked with single unit at a time and passed to the next step without any delay. Following are few processes that can be redesigned in order to implement lean operationsConcurrent medical problems complicate patient care of an elderly patient who got fractured. Treatment is affected because specialists fail to communicate and coordinate with each other. This problem can be resolved by creating another department called Trauma Unit which creates a single team having all kind of specialists. A standard hand off process between each member will make it possible to identify and address treatment issues regardless of who is on duty.In hospitals, usually same type of operations is conducted on one day and another type of operations on other day. To increase flow through surgeries, it is suggested that few operations of eac h type should be performed each day. This will reduce waiting time for patients as well as burden on wards.In outpatient department, patients are usually called in the morning at same time say 9a.m. and it is highly likely that not all of them will be interact at the same time and some have to wait till noon. Hence patients must be called according to priority and severity of the problem.Samples are held back in pathology to process them in batches. This leads to increase in wait time for patients. Samples must be tested soon they arrive to the lab.PullTo create value to the customer, services should be provided in line with the demand. If the demand is for 100 admissions a day, it implies that 100 patients must be discharged on that day to accommodate the demand. To achieve this demand in hospitals all the key processes and interfaces between them must be redesigned. The time required to spend on each activity to achieve output in line with demand is called as Takt Time. It is the time that identifies the speed with which work and materials flow within different departments. In pull system, each patient is treated as one unit at a time and passed to the next level without as soon as it is ready. Fig.16 shows a pull system where each stage of the process pulls the patient towards it.Untitled.pngFig.16 Source NHS ConfederationPerfectionAfter eliminating all the waste processes without compromising the quality of service, the whole operations process is perennial until perfection is achieved. To achieve perfection in hospitals, following aspects must be taken care ofAfter Lean ImplementationPatient firstWait time unacceptedReduced errorsExisting resourcesReduce wasteProblems visible to allEnd to end processBefore LeanService provider firstWait timeErrorsNew resourcesReduce costProblems not visibleFunctional managementPerfectionFig.17Perfection is achieved by continuous improvement of the operations process. It is therefore necessary to that all the staff membe rs and the hospital management must commit to seek perfection at their level. By creating standard, visible and cloudless processes, we can develop the foundation of uninterrupted improvement, where every new improvement becomes a landmark or platform for future processes.Advantages of Lean in HospitalsIt is sight that implementation of lean in hospitals have increase efficiency from 15 to 20 percent with safer and improved services using the existing infrastructure, technology and staff. Hospitals across the globe, which have adopted lean philosophy, have benefited from its implementation. According to David Ben-Tovim of Flinders Medical Centre, Australia, the hospital was struggling to survive and was on the verge of meltdown. But after applying lean in their operations process, they managed to earn more profits and decreased the costs. Some important advantages of lean areReduction of wait time for patients.Reduced cost and increased savings.Reduction in physical floor space by 30%.Productivity increases from 75% to up to 125% in some cases.Good customer relations.Staff motivation and reduced stress levels.Untitled.pngFig.18ConclusionThe aim of this research was to understand the lean philosophy and to apply lean principles in healthcare industry. It is evident from the study that lean philosophy brings positive results. It improves safety, quality and morale of the staff along with reducing time and costs in the operations process. Lean when implemented in hospital operations can add value to patient care and improve efficiency. Lean principles are generic and can be utilise anywhere. If lean principles are applied at each stage of the operations process than huge amount of time can be saved. These principles challenge the whole idea of batching, triage, economies of scale and de-skilling. Results of lean implementation are potentially significant. Lean acts as antidote to traditional approach of performance management. Its emphasis is to put the whole system in a valuable stream. Leans focus is to improve effort on things that weigh importance to patients and hospital staff. It opposes the external benchmarks which tend to express the things that are indirectly related to improve patient care. It is also evident from the data that hospitals that have adopted lean in their operations have improved in terms of patient care, costs and time. Hence it can be concluded that implementing lean in any industry will prove to be the outdo bet.

Regulation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Regulation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)Using Osteopathy as an example, describe and critically evaluate the ways in which the organisation and mandate of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the UK provides safeguards for users.The grooming of CAMs in the UK is historically both a segment of healthcargon services and viewed with suspicion by the dominant medical model of healthc are which has characterised the NHS since its inception in 1948. The kinds of CAMs which are included under the aegis of NHS provision thrust been restricted, to, for example, homeopathy and osteopathy (Nicholls, in Lee-Treweek et al, ). Such provision is typically regulated and monitored in ways that a wide range of opposite therapies which come under the same umbrella are non. This essay explores the ways in which this organisation and regulation can provide service users with the same kinds of safeguards that other NHS services have incessantly provided. This kind of r egulation, such as that provided by the master key bodies of Nursing (the Nursing and Midwifery Council) and Medicine (The General Medical Council, is a valuable actor of ensuring the highest quality of care provision by ensuring solitary(prenominal) properly trained practitioners are allowed to practice, whilst at the same time holding practitioners accountable for their practice.Patient feedback and other studies has demonstrated that the provision of CAMs within NHS care provides valuable treatment and support for patients with complex medical conditions. This is a symptom what Heller et al (2005) describe as the late modernity of healthcare in the preesent context, characterised by increasing diversification (which is often not recognised by the dominant medical authority of the NHS).Rigorous randomized controlled trials, the gold standard for the provision of evidence for medical care, have demonstrated that CAMs are effective, yet the Medical model of care still does not al ways allow for the value of such treatments, and they are treated as fringe medicine. Because of this, and because of the general standards of regulation and surveillance of medical care, very few complementary therapies are provided as a matter of course within the NHS, despite some therapies, such as Homeopathy, having a history of regulation and care provision divergence back to 1844 (Nicholls in in Lee-Treweek et al).The training of CAM practitioners has also changed, with a more than rigorous training process which reflects professional education processes and principles, and some standardisation (though not national standardisation) of education and standards. However, one therapy which is provided in this context is osteopathy.The changing face of medicine has both served the inclusion of CAMs within the NHS and served to bring roughly regulation by aligning the training and provision of such therapies with the principles which have governed medicine and medical practice in the UK (Heller et al, 2005). The concept of health has also evolved (Cant, in in Lee-Treweek et al Heller et al, 2005). This has led to the emergence of integrative medicine, in which CAM practitioners work in conjunction with multi-disciplinary healthcare teams which manage patient care in an holistic and wide manner (Cant, in Lee-Treweek et al). Obviously, this is the ideal from the point of view of the service user, because the hitherto unchallenged medical model of health has been replaced by a growing rationality of the complex nature of health and illness and the similarly complex responses required from those charged with promoting health and treating illness, disease and injury (Cant, in Lee-Treweek et al). However, this has had what some view as a negative effect on CAM provision. As Heller et al (2005) state, the growth of integrative medicine represents an undermining of counter-cultural values, as more holistic paradigms based on challenging orthodox biomedical or scientific theories may become displaced proximity to the dominant biomedical systems (P xiii). Another issue is that as CAMs become more prevalent within normal medicine and health, medical and nursing staff who are asked to advise on these therapies may not have been able to guard current knowledge of the evidence about these therapies (Heller et al, 2005).One of the potential benefits of this influence, however, is that of ensuring patient safety. Heller et al (2005) state clearly that patients must make informed choices about such therapies, and should be able to have the information to evaluate the safety of the practitioner and the therapy. This is evident in the ways in which most citizenry rile CAMs, through private practice, through seeking out treatment and evaluating which practitioners of which therapies to access (Heller et al, 2005). However, in that respect is such a diversity amongst many practitioners of sources of training and regulation that for many therapist s, having a certificate of membership of a professional organisation is no guarantee of quality or of redress should the service user be displease with or harmed by the therapy provided. The author has anecdotal evidence of discussions with medical doctors who believe that CAMs practitioners are dangerous, poorly regulated, and represent a danger to the public by preventing fed up(p) people accessing or utilising medical healthcare services. This is a rather limited view, but one which signifies certain areas of public opinion, which in turn reflects the ways in which many therapies have not been regulated, evaluated through rigorous testing, or been slip to the same kinds of quality control and surveillance as conventional medicine.Osteopathy, however, is regulated by Acts of Parliament in a similar fashion to medicine, nursing and allied healthcare professionals, and is described as one of the big five of the CAMs, which have a better reputation and standing within conventional medicine (Heller et al, 2005). It is this regulation which is supposed to protect patient safety and safeguard the interests of service users, but it also serves other purposes. Stone (1996) argues that regulation is not merited by the majority of therapies and would be inappropriate for therapies which are too different from medicine. Regulation ensures that the profession itself has a better professional status, that all its practitioners are trained in a similar manner, and provides support, guidance and legal support to practitioners. This suggests an increased level of responsibility and accountability, because professional bodies maintain agreed and defined standards. Therefore, in terms of informed choice, any service user can be assured that any practicing osteopath is subject to the same standard of training and the same regulation, and so should be safe to access, much in the same way as medical care is accessed. consequently regulation may safeguard patient safety by be ing required to formally adhere to ethical principles. Heller et al (2005) describe the requirements of professional ethical practice asa duty to tell the truth a duty to act honestly and fairly a duty to lever peoples wishes, and not to treat people as a means to an end, but as individuals with rights a duty not to harm peopleand the right not to be harmed and not to be lied to. (p 85).While these may be considered general human rights they are augmented by principles which are in general agreed to underpin healthcare, including the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence (Heller et al, 2005). It could be argued that no therapy should be provided, therefore, which does not have proven benefits to the patient, and is proven to do no harm to the patient. Professional regulation may serve this purpose, because it professionalises the therapy and demands acceptable standards of evidence to demonstrate these features. But only therapies which can provide this standard of evidenc e would be regulated (Stone, 1996) which could have pernicious effects on the status and reputation of more esoteric therapies which cannot be subject to the kinds of evidence that underpins medicine. Voluntary regulation may be the answerConsumers result best be protected by a dynamic, ethics-led approach to voluntary self-regulation in which high standards of practice together with visible and effective disciplinary procedures are given higher prominence than the pursuit of professional status (Stone, 1996 p 1493).In conclusion, this author believes that regulation, either statutory or voluntary, holds practitioners accountable and serves the interest of consumers by demonstrating that those providing CAMs are at the least educated to some kind of agreed standard, and by offering consumers a means of redress should they be dissatisfied with their treatment. However, only statutory regulation would give proper redress, but in the current legal context, there is so much legislatio n protecting the interests and rights of consumers of goods and services that there is plenty of room for redress through other means. Only statutory regulation could offer assurances of safety, but this is not suitable for all therapies (Stone, 1996).ReferencesHeller, T., Lee-Treweek, G., Katz, J. et al (2005) (eds). Perspectives on complementary and alternative medicine. Milton Keynes Open University Press/Routledge.Stone, J. (1996) Regulating complementary medicine standards, not status. BMJ 312 1492-1493.

Producing A Profile Of Small Business Business Essay

Producing A Profile Of Small Business Business EssayThe Micro and beautiful enterprises plays of the essence(predicate) role in the growth of the countrys economy hence it becomes vital to understand the concept of SME and further there is essential to support and understand these commercial enterprisees. Small personal line of credit enterprisees with little than 10 employees dominate numerically in UK accounted for approximately 95% of all the commercial enterprise in UK during 2008. Most of the people who run such small businesses ar self-employed. These small businesses contribute a lot to the UK economy. At the same time it cut intos opportunity for people to use their local skill and utilize for growth of the business. For role model a person cut a restaurant or a caf which offers local taste. These small business enterprises are image of local culture, local tribe and it inherits lot information about a place. Various government regulations necessitate work and ex penses that many small businesses cope with and entrepreneurs suggest that small businesses start up with benefit if they could tender for government contracts and support. These small businesses have high potential to improve UK economy if they are made to operate in suitable and economic environment. As per UK section 382 and 465 of Companies Act 2006 it explains a SME for the purpose of accounting requirements. As per the Act having turnover not more than than 6.5 Million Pound and not more than 50 employees earth-closet be considered as Micro Small Enterprises. The purpose of this report is to design a suitable training program to serve the fellowship of how to produce small businesses. This training module forget focus on small business by identifying its Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat. This training module pass on withal put up wide scope on Micro and Macro abridgment where political, economical, social, legal and technological situation will be explaine d. This training module aims to provide position knowledge on doing analysis of the SME. It will also account competitor, financial analysis. This training module is committed to provide good knowledge on both aspects of SME. This training module will also explain about immensity of stakeholders, investors, financial institutions who tail end be of great help.Producing a profile of small businessStarting a business gather ups a serious conside symmetryn on its aims, objectives which may be long term, short term, it can be for profit or for no profit no loss in case of NGOs. Before starting a business it is important to understand the record of business, type of investment required, type of reaping to be delivered to customer, whether proceeds has a demand or not, there is a need to understand who are our customers, we need to understand the existing competitors. It is important to understand the Micro and Macro part of the business it includes SWOT Analysis wherein Micro ca n be considered as efficacy and business of the brass while Macro are opportunities and threats. SWOT Analysis should be carefully through with(p) to ensure that business will have minimal risk once started.Understanding SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis consists of Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats.Strengths Strength means distinctives of business which provides advantage to the organization over others. It could be proceeds portfolio, brand image, financial stability of the organization. Before starting the business one should understand the strength of its business, product or services. It is strength of the organization which is given importance in the grocery store and should be different from others so that a business can achieve competitive advantage over others. Strength should always be considered as positive aspect of the company and should be used maximum to exploit the market and get breach business.Weakness Weakness is a characteristic of business which puts the company in disadvantageous position over others. Weakness could be limitation for the organization. For example a company may have hold financial resources which might limit the company or future expansion, weak brand image in the market, poor customer service, less trained employees, decomposable management or many legal abiding. All these weaknesses can affect the business on large and one should try to overcome these weaknesses so that business can run smoothly.Opportunities Opportunities are possibilities or certain elements of market that could be exploited to its advantages. Advantage can be anything which could make the business more salutary as compared to others. For example usage of high engineering science as compared to competitors can be taken as an opportunity to grab better business, having good product knowledge or expertise can be considered as opportunity. Less competitors in the market can be considered as opportunity, niche market for forward-look ing product can be considered as biggest opportunity. Opportunities can be used as to get competitive advantage in the market.Threats Threats are basically troubles or fear factors which could affect or damage the business. One should work hard to minimize the effects form these threats. For example new entry by some other company in same product range can be considered as a threat, increasing competition, and substitute product. Threat should be mighty assessed for trouble free business operations.Analysis of the business using comparative measures of performancePerformance touchstone is the vital tool in understanding the positioning of the business. Performance measurement can be simple comparison with competitors or company working in the same product line, congenital performance measurement for example performance of staff, sales volume, ware, customer service can be vital parameters of performance measurement.finance Finance plays crucial role in running a business or i t can be considered as backbone of the business. It is finance which helps a individual to start up the business. Hence it is important to crumble financial performance parameters such as Return on Investment (ROE), Breakeven Analysis, Liquidity, Profitability, Asset Valuation, Depth Analysis, and Analysis on operating expenses. Using the above ratio analysis technique one can understand the financial health of the business and can gradually subjoin or decrease expenses depending upon the available funds. For every business man return on investment plays important role. Hence it should be understood that when will the business provide return on the silver invested.Sales Sales indicate the real status of business. It determines success and failure of business leading to loss or profitability. Sales can be canvass on monthly or quarterly basis so that necessary improvements can be made to improve the sales by grabbing better selling make outs, improving customer service, changi ng the price, improving the caliber of the product or making other necessary changes to improve the sales. Sales should always be monitored so that necessary modifications in the business plan could be made and apply management skills to improve the business. The management of the business organization should give importance to their internal customers like employees, suppliers, distributors and external consumers to improve the sales.Marketing Marketing is important for any product to reach to the customer through proper communication. Marketing team can improve the sales it can improve the brand awareness, product awareness in the mind of consumers. Marketing is necessary for business expansion and getting better consumer share. Its marketing department which utilizes different advertising channels to promote the products and brand. With effective marketing organization can develop good relations with its consumers, customers. Marketing and Finance both if use effectively can mak e the business a real success. There can be many types of marketing like online marketing, carry on marketing, marketing can be with business to consumers, and it could be between business to business for the purpose of achieving business objectives.Use of technologyTechnology allows a business to get competitive advantage in the market with advanced technology. Quality of products can be improved, production can be increased, and usage of good technology can lead to reduction in cost involved in manufacturing units. Hence understanding technology with existing competitors can analyze the real performance of the business.Strengthening and maintaining existing performanceIt is important to improve and maintain the existing performance so that existing weaknesses can be converted into strength and threats could be converted in to opportunities. It is mandatory to check the business performance on a regular basis so that new existing opportunities can be exploited for the purpose of p rofitability. retentivity ongoing recordsIt is important to document every small business activity so that one can easily track the business activity. Performance measurement will be easy in case everything is documented. By having good data it can be audited to find deficiencies and improve on the same. These records can be used for future references and also for making necessary improvements. It is therefore mandatory to record every small transaction for successful running of the business.Monitoring regularlyIt is important to regularly monitor business performance so that any deficiency could be handled well in time. Customer Service can be improved, employee training can be provided. Regular monitoring on the business gives clear idea on the status of the business. Monitoring business gives opportunities for a business man to understand the business on regular basis.Making adjustmentsBusiness should be flexible in nature and should easily accept changes as per need of the marke t. For example due to advent of new technologies all the businesses are rapidly changing due to usage of new technology. Hence a business should be in position to accept changes such as new technology, training modules, new ways to run the business and other necessary changes which is necessary to rifle in the business.Researching continuouslyMarket Research should be conducted to understand the potential requirement of the market by customers, understanding the competitors, their strategies. It is mandatory to recognize likes and dislikes of our customers, feedback of customers on our product/services or feedback of consumer on customer service provided by organization.Business Plans and Associated Action PlansBusiness plans and targets remain important parts of every business. These business plans can be short or long term in nature. Management needs to develop plans to ensure the goals of the business are achieved.To increase market share Market share can be increased by effecti ve marketing and promotional activities. It is important to make the product reachable to the consumer by utilizing the outmatch distribution and retail network.To grow it size and sell abroad Increasing consumer base directly reflects the growth of organization. Organization should also expand, try new markets, it should also look for developing markets where the products or services have better scope.To survive in the marketThe key tools to survive in the market include quality products/services, excellent customer services. Customer friendly employees who are highly trained and most important attractive prizes will make the business survive in the market.To improve its image The image of the company should improve so that it could have a better consumer share. The brand image once established will give better bargaining power in the market. It will give good share of consumers and also will help for launching new products or services.To spark off its employeesEmployee should be given good training. They should be properly reimbursed. They should be clearly communicated for their job responsibilities. It is important to make friendly relations between employee and management. Monetary and Non-Monetary benefits should be provided for better motivation and retention of the employees.To maximize profitMaintaining high profit is a difficult task due to intense competition it is difficult for organization to maintain prizes on high and get better margins. In majority of market penetrating pricing strategies are used to survive in the market. innovation a new or innovative product can lead to monopoly and lead better profitability. Increasing product quality can help in improving the profit.Analyzing the impact of proposed changes on the business and the stakeholdersChanges in the management of the business will have some positive or negative impact. Initially it would be difficult for management to adapt but over a period of time things will get used too. Chang es are mandatory due to changing market and economic situation hence it should be focused to make changes for right direction and benefit of the organization.FinancialAny changes in business schema effecting financial expenses will lead to massive changes in the business. For example additional funding for the business will improve the infrastructure, it will increase the efficiency of the business, increase budget for marketing and promotional strategies will help in improving the brand awareness, increasing the consumer base, management focusing on reducing the operating expenses will lead to improved profitability.WorkloadsAll the above changes will lead to extra work for existing Managers, employees. For example introducing a new technology in the market will require training for the Managers. Hence it will lead to further extra responsibilities for Managers and employees to handle the new changes.MoraleAny changes in the business should not affect the moral of the existing man agement, staff of the business. It should be ensured that employees are well communicated on the need for changes, it impacts and affects the business. There should be good discussion with the employees and Managers so as to maintain better transparency.Physical aspectsChanges will require new infrastructure, new machines, new furnitures, new staff. Organizations have to buy new things to match with the technological aspects of the business. The production areas will be improved for better technology.Importance of Performance MeasurementPerformance Measurements is the vital part in the business. Performance Measurements plays important role in representing the clear picture of the business. It gives good information on assumed data and real data. It gives regular check for the business to perform and improve. The measurement should be done as mentioned belowComparison of actual figures with proposed targets- Comparison with actual figures becomes the first step and time to time comp arison gives good information on business activities and management can easily make changes to improve the performance.Comparison of present figures with the past data- The old data can be beneficial in learnedness new lessons and these data can be used to compare the business, performance and other crucial factors of the business.Survey of consumers, market research, feedbacks from Managers, customers, suppliers and employees- Information received from market research, Mangers, Employees, and customers will allow management to make necessary changes to improve the quality of product as per customer likes and dislikes, training of employees if required or any other schema changes.Conduct Ratio Analysis- Ratio Analysis will give comparison of Financials. It is the best financial indicator in the business.Comparison of performances with existing competitors- Competitor Analysis gives real time check of our business activity in the market. Competitor Analysis also protects the busine ss from possible threats.

Red Badge Of Courage :: Essays Papers

Red Badge Of CourageThroughout the story many settings appear, the near important one is the battlefield. The time is 1862, which is the period of the Civil War. The story begins at dawn on a cold morning when the army rests by campfires on some hills. As a tall soldier, who later becomes known as Jim Conklin, washes his shirt at the river, he hears a rumor. He rushes to tell his comrades that the regiment leave behind move the following day. When the loud soldier, Wilson, hears this rumor, he argues with Jim that it is a lie. While this argument is taking place, the youthful soldier and main oddball in the story, Henry Fleming, is auditory sense attentively. He then thinks what his reaction to fighting in battle will be. A flashback to when he first enlisted against his mothers wishes occurs. He remembers fantasies of glorious and cover wars of times past. Henry thinks that war is a courageous adventure. This transports us to a different setting at his farmhouse. During this time, the people live a simple disembodied spirit mostly based on agriculture. The youth also recalls his mothers lecture before departing. She could . . . give him many hundreds of reasons why he was vastly to a greater extent important on the farm than on the field of battle (p. 4). His mother warns him about taking care of himself and staying away from bad companions.His mothers character symbolizes many different concepts. Because of the era in which the story takes place, one can imagine that this woman is uneducated. Her farming lifestyle implies that she is a hard-worker, especially since no father surrogate is present in the household. This image also sets an earthy, or realistic, tone contrasting with Henrys fantasizing. Her simple actions, such as knitting him socks, and farewell speech communication show her motherly love, which represents motherhood.In this mental setting, one learns of Henrys emotions about his mother and his views about war. He struggles with the id ea of what his reaction will be to a real battle. The notion that he might run penetrates his thoughts. Running would prove that he is not courageous or heroic and that his fantasies of triumph in war are just fantasies. The more he imagines himself fighting, the more he . . . failed in an effort to see himself standing stoutly in the midst of them, them universe the threats of the future attacks (p.

The Left and Right Sides of the Brain :: Health Medicine

The Left and Right Sides of the BrainYour brain has two sides. And each has a distinctly different counseling oflooking at the world. Do you realize that in order for you to read this article, the twosides of your brain must do completely different things? The more we commix those two sides, the more integrated we become as people.Integration not only increases our ability to solve problems morecreatively, but to control physical maladies much(prenominal) as epilepsy and migranes,replace certain damaged brain functions and even learn to thin into thefuture. Even more startling is evidence coming to light that we paybecome a left-brain culture. Your brains right and left side have distinctly different ways oflooking at the world. Your two hemispheres are as different from eachother as, oh, Micheal Wilson and Shirley Maclean. The left brain controlsthe right side of the body (this is reversed in about half of the 15percent of the population that is left-handed) a nd, in essence, is logicalanalytical, judgemental and verbal. Its interested in the bottom line, inbeing efficent. The right brain controls the left side of the body andleans more to the creative, the splanchnic. It is concerned more with the visual and emotional side of life. Most people, if they thought about it, would identify more withtheir left brain. In fact, many of us think we are our left brains. tout ensembleof that non-stop verbalization that goes on in our heads is the dominantleft brain talking to itself. Our culture- particularly our school systemwith its emphasis on the three Rs (decidedly left-brain territory) -effectively represses the intuitive and artistic right brain. If you dontbelieve it, see how far you get at the office with the right brain activityof daydreaming. As you read, your left-side is sensibly making connections andanalysing the heart and soul of the words, the syntax and other complex relation-ships while putting it into a l anguage you can understand. Meanwhile,the right side is providing emotional and even humerous cues, decodingvisual nurture and maintaining an integrated story structure. While all of this is going on, the two sides are constantlycommunicating with each other across a connecting fibre pathway called the